Isaalmansyur Note: Brief History of Indonesia

Republic of Indonesia birth begins with a statement of independence of Indonesia to the world on 17 August 1945 by Soekarno and Hatta. A day after that, when the preparatory committee of independence of Indonesia (PPKI) the council, the Soekarno aklamatif selected as president and Mohammad Hatta as representatives. On the same day, the new State Constitution was passed, which was then known as the Constitution 45. then since 18 August 1945, Indonesian presidency institution first created. However, the presidency institution in transition from the colonial government was still not solid, because it is still in order to explore the form.
A week after the Independence Proclamation precisely on 22 August 1945 Indonesia's National Center Committee was formed. This committee of 135 people, whose members consist of members of the Preparation Committee of Indonesian Independence and added with a number of national leaders.
Thus, the forming of both countries are in PPKI and then become a member KNIP are selected, which is a prominent freedom fighter, who represent various ethnic groups, religions, and so forth.
On 29 August 1945, PPKI dissolved. The first cabinet was formed on 2 September 1945. because the Indonesian government adopted the system "Presidensil", the first cabinet directly under the President as well as prime minister. In the context of the political system such as this, the cabinet is not responsible to the parliament which in this case the function, position and responsibility run by the National Center Committee but is responsible to the President. cabinet was not dissolved by the parliament, only the president can dismiss.
However, the power of the Presidency that is not longstanding. Because, on 16 October 1945 out of Vice President No information. X. Declaration is issued by the Committee on the National Center for Indonesia. The information is stated, "The Committee of the National Center for Indonesia, form before discussion People's Assembly and the Council of Representatives, legislative power and in The participate GBHN set. Thus, KNIP have full function of the position change is only "assist" the President.
Travel Indonesia that is still young is not fully smooth
. The Dutch colonial government still has the desire to return power to a variety of ways to weaken the Republic is still very young. In the meantime, the Netherlands practice political divide et impera, which reached its peak with the States of the Republic of Indonesia, through the constitution legitimately
Ris on 31 January 1950. so, a month after the handover of sovereignty took place.
States of the Republic of Indonesia (Ris) was formed from a number of countries, namely the State of Indonesia, Jakarta Indonesia Country, State Pasundan (including Jakarta), the State of East Java, Madura Country, State Sumatra, South Sumatra East Country, and a statesman of autonomy, such as Central Java, Bangka Belitung, Riau, West Kalimantan, Dayak Besar, Daerah Banjar, South Kalimantan and East Kalimantan (Mandalangi and Meliala, 1982, p. 16). In Ris, not in the sovereignty of the people, but is located in the "countries" which is the federal member (Ismail Suny, 1963). Sekalipuna Therefore, the State Constitution is that the democratic political system.
However, the age of the Republic of Indonesia States is not long. Because, in 1950 during political more discussion concerning: how the States of the Republic of Indonesia into a country such as the Unity ideally during the independence struggle? So, finally, together with awareness, in August 1950, prime minister Hatta, representing Ris, together with Dr. Halim, who became prime minister of the Republic of Indonesia, the dissolution of the Federal State. Unity and the State re-birth, change federal State.
Times post-independence period is the period-the most beautiful democracy for Indonesia. Because, at that time all the institutions of democracy can play the most of its functions.
With the Presidential decree on July 5 1959, Indonesia practical political configuration has changed. Moment this is a starting point in the emergence otoritarianisme Indonesia. Because, with a return to the 1945 Constitution, executive power is very strong with a heavy emphasis on the institution presidency. However, in fact
, President Soekarna are not absolutely have a mandate from the people of the community, because in the Democratic Terpimpin challenges that emerged from the various parties.
History has recorded that Soekarno very disappointed with the behavior of political parties in the post-independence period. On Oketober 1956, for example, Soekarno urged political parties to bury liberalnya democracy and change with the Democratic Terpimpin, namely democracy with strong leadership (in Feith Ruth Mc vey, 1963, h.318). to exit from the political crisis, in the mid-1950s Soekarno then appears with the draft presented in February 1957. in the concept that Soekarno was put before the cabinet proposal involving all major parties, including the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI). Soekarno also propose to the Board formed the National Council of such Advisor, which consists of all community components, including laborers, farmers, national employers, and others.
Proposed to be gazed at Soekarno hard by the Masyumi, Indonesian Socialist Party (PSI), and Nahdatul Ulama (NU), but strong support from the PKI and PNI. When the Cabinet Ali Sastroamijoyo II fall, Soekarno, as president, appoints himself as a citizen of State, to form the cabinet, with Ir. Juanda as prime ministry.Thats was rejected by various parties, including the Forces, particularly in the areas. This triggered a larger conflict between the Government Center with the Region. Previously, in 1956, a number of senior officer in the North and South Sumatra, took over power from the local bureaucrats. They protest the very centralization trends strong, and demand that the cabinet was formed headed by Muhammad Hatta and Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX.
The situation becomes more complicated when some figures such as Muhammad Natsir Masyumi, Syafruddin Prawiranegara, and others toward the left Jakarta. This is because they do not feel safe in Jakarta. Every day they were threatened and intimidated after going "Cikini Current" in August 1957. Cikini event is the murder trial of President Soekarno, and Masyumi accused are behind him. Finally, on 10 February 1958, Lieutenant Colonel Akhmad Husein, Forces commander in central Sumatra, mengultimatum Central Government to form a cabinet led by Hatta and the Sultan Hamengkubuwuno IX in five days time. If not, they will form their own government. True also, through a period of time after five days as is determined and the government does not meet the demands of the Region, and on 15 February 1958 in the form of
Revolutionary government of the Republic of Indonesia, which was then known to the knowledgeable and PRRI Prawiranegara Syafruddin appoint as Prime Minister.
In the face this crisis Soekarno, of course, require some parties. It appears that, Soekarno not have any other choice except to share power with the Forces and the Communist Party of Indonesia.
From the description above, we can see that during the period of Democratic power Terpimpin institutions presidency is not as strong as it is written in the 1945 Constitution. The President must share with kekuasaanya Forces and the Communist Party of Indonesia. However, the figure the President Soekarno was a great leader and very influential factor because of the history that can not be ignored. In this case with the Herbert Feith interesting:
President Soekarno ... is seen by many to have this just right. As an old-time nationalist leader, as the man who proclaimed independence, as an orator of great mass appeal, and as the first and only head of state, Soekarno cardinal is a symbol of both the nation and the state. More over his legal position is very strong. Being President, he has immense adventage over other when it comes to seeking validation of claims to power (Feith, in Ruth Mc vey, 1963, p.329).

Muh Isa Al Mansyur 04.22.00 1 Komentar